税による再分配

 

課税の正当化に対する考え方。

 On the same grounds, libertarians argue that if pre-tax income is the direct product of a person or corporation’s own effort, it should be theirs to use as they see fit. In this view, even if the government has decided democratically to tax the rich at a higher rate, taxation remains fundamentally unjust. In the extreme formulation of libertarian political philosopher Robert Nozick, “taxation of earnings from labor is on par with forced labor.”

The capitalist economy is not self-regulating. The first precondition for firms to earn profits is state-enforced property rights, which give some people ownership and control over productive resources while excluding others. Once we break from this libertarian fantasy, it’s easy to see that individual and corporate income is made possible only through tax-financed state action.

Second, governments have to manage labor markets to help ensure that the skill needs of firms are met. States do this through setting immigration and education policies. All capitalist states also try to mitigate labor market risks, whether it be the risk of labor scarcity for firms or unemployment for workers.

Third, most capitalists want states to enforce anti-trust, contract, criminal, property, and tort laws, as it makes market interactions more predictable and reliable. And finally, the capitalist economy needs a working infrastructure. Even most libertarians argue that state control over the money supply and interest rates is necessary to spur or slow growth when the economy needs it.

The socialist case for taxation and progressive redistribution is built from three basic factors of how capitalism works. First, as just explored, personal incomes and corporate profits are not simply the result of individual work and business competition — instead they are part of a broader social product.

Second, the class inequality that results from making this social product is relational. Capitalists are able to accumulate large stores of wealth only because workers do not

Third, redistribution through taxation is a means of extending individual freedom

With respect to coercion, taxes fund a variety of public provisions that offer citizens some measure of freedom from the private tyranny of firms. 

The public education system, for example, which offers citizens the opportunity to develop knowledge and skills in pursuit of both collective and individual ambitions, is a bedrock of positive freedom that can only be sustained through taxation.

　リバタリアンにしてみれば、個人が努力して稼いだ富を政府が税金として徴収するのは強盗同然ー正当化できない。

　リベラルはしかし、公共の福祉のための個人の権利を制限して課税するのはいたしかたあるまい、と。

　社会主義は、うにゃ、そもそも個人や企業の得る富というのは税によって資金提供され、構築された社会の恩恵であって、課税して、適正に再分配するのはあたりまえ。

　そもそも、私有財産という制度、労働者の技術・能力・才能、労働市場整備、調整　独禁法、契約法、刑法、不法行為法、社会・経済インフラなど個人・企業の富を形成するために必要、前提になっているものは税金を資金源として国家が整備したものである。

　このように個人・企業の富は社会的産物であり、また、その富について、労働者の取り分を少なくすることによって資本家は自分たちのために富を蓄積しているわけである、と。

　社会主義は自由がないと非難されることがあるが、とんでもない、奴隷労働など企業の勝手を許さないことで企業の独裁から労働者の自由を守っており、また、教育などに投資することによって自己実現の自由を促進しておるじゃないか、と。