2021年8月20日金曜日

自由と平等を守れ!って・・・

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Hobbes' And Locke's Human Nature and Government Evaluates the philosphies of Hobbes and Locke outlining the state of nature, natural laws, the social contract theory and government. 

 Hobbes notes that even in the state of nature there are natural laws. These natural laws are the principles by which any rational individual are bound. Hobbes lists many natural laws, but also states that within the state of nature, everyone has the right to everything. Yet, to Hobbes it is rational for those within the state of nature to yield their absolute freedom in exchange for the promise of the security offered through a social contract
The social contract theory is the concept by which individuals, by nature free and equal, voluntarily choose to surrender part of their natural liberty by entering into civil society, which constitutes political authority. 


 ホッブスにとって政府の存在しない自然状態でも自然法、自然権というものがあるが、絶え間ない戦争状態にあるため、社会契約を結ぶことで政府に自然権の一部を譲歩することによって安全を確保するのが合理的である、となる、と。

Locke?s primary motivation for individuals leaving the state of nature, and entering into civil society is the need for protection, the protection of life, liberty and property. Although in the state of nature everyone has the right to punish those who break the laws of nature, self interest my cloud their ability to judge their neighbours fairly. The only guarantee to end this and to create peace is to enter into organised society. It is mutually agreed upon that individuals will surrender a degree of their natural freedom in order to gain a higher level of safety. 

 ロックにとっても自然状態で自然法、自然権があるが、無法者を罰する場合恣意的になってしまうので、公平な判断を下し、安全な生活をおくるために自分たちの自然権の一部を放棄して政府を形成する意味がある、と。

 自然法とは自然権というのは、国家・政府がなくても守らなくてはいけない法のことだね。

 そして、自然法でも、国家の法でも、黒人や女性の権利を守れ、なんていうようになったのはごく最近の話。

 自然法でも、政府による法でも「自由と平等」なんてのは、ごく一部の輪のなかの自由と平等を守るものにすぎなかった。




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