供犠・・・バタイユなんかが独特の解釈をしていたが、ユダヤーキリスト教の伝統の中ではわりに重要な意味を持っているようだね。
Christus Victor From Wikipedia,
以下＊＊＊の文献も参考にしながら、イエス・キリストの磔刑と復活の意味に関する諸説をまとめると、
１）アダムとイブは人類を悪魔に売った。神は身代金としてイエス・キリストを悪魔に支払った。
人類は、不正/罪を犯した。
２）イエスが我々の代わりに苦しみ罰をうけた。
３）イエスが苦しむことによって、我々が負っている神への借りを我々に代わって返した。
４）イエスが我々が受けるべき罰をわれわれの代わりにうけた。
５）イエスは道義的に我々のしたがうべき見本を示した。
６）復活することでイエスが悪に勝利したことを示した。
映画『グラン・トリノ』でクリント・イーストウッド演じるコワルスキーは、復活はしなかったが、自分の殺害をギャングたちに挑発することで殺害され、そうすることで悪を暴くことで悪に勝利したことを示した、という意味で、Christus Victor説の例示になっている、と解釈する神父。
７）卑しめられ笑いものにされ、罪を着せられているのは神であり、怒りに任せて無実の罪を着せることをやめることをわれわれにしめした。
ジラールの説であるが、「フランダースの犬」のネロを思い出す。
作者にジラールの説が念頭にあったはずはないが、ネロの最期にルーペンスの「キリストの降架」がでてくるところをみると、ネロにイエスキリストを重ねた、ということでほぼ間違いなかろう。
先日おもしろそうだと思った本
The Illusion of God's Presence: The Biological Origins of Spiritual
Longing. by John C. Wathey.
にも、「犠牲」について、なるほど、という記事があった。
旧約聖書で、神はアブラハムにイサクを捧げるように命じるという場面があるんだが、この意味がよくわからなかった。
Sacrifice has special significance in human sociality. It obviates the need to keep track of how much each member of a large group contributes or takes because—if the sacrifice is sufficiently costly and hard to fake—it demonstrates to all that the person making it is loyal to the group. ..... But probably the most costly and hard-to-fake sacrifice imaginable is what Yahweh demands of Abraham in Genesis 22: the sacrificial killing of his only son, Isaac. The power of this myth lies in its appeal to the most fundamental aspect of our innate sociality—the parent-infant bond—and it holds up Abraham as supremely virtuous because of his willingness to prove that his bond to Yahweh is even stronger.Here the social and neonatal roots intersect, and in this myth, the social dominates.
ある人のために自分を犠牲にしたり、自分の大切なものを犠牲にする、というのは、その人に対する忠誠心、愛の深さの証になるわけだね。
愛国心で、国のために自分たちの息子たち戦争に差し出す母親みたいもんだね。逆に、喜んで国に差し出せないと愛国心が足りない、ということにされる。
Jesus makes similar demands of his followers in Matthew 10:37, Luke 12:53, and Luke 14:26, and the most popular verse in the Christian Bible, John 3:16, is so because it is the inverse of Abraham's sacrifice: Yahweh proves his boundless love for humanity by sacrificing his only son.
また、神は自分の息子であるイエス・キリストを犠牲にすることで人類への無限の愛を示したのだ、と。
むかし、アメリカでカルト教団人民寺院で大量自殺、大量虐殺があった。
Most of its recruits had good intentions, and when they were joining the movement, Jones made them feel that they were part of a force for good in the world — healing the sick, helping the poor and fighting racism. Their generosity and sincere desire to help other people made them especially vulnerable to JonesBy the time of its cataclysmic end, most of the residents of Jonestown seemed to understand and accept this, at least at some unconscious level. They paid lip service to socialist slogans, but their public loyalty was to Jones, and most of them meant it enough to give cyanide to their children and then drink it themselves.
信者は正義のためと思って真面目なひとたちであったが、組織、教祖に忠誠をしめすために自分たちの子供を殺害し自分たちも自害した、と。
自分の属する構成員の生存のための自己犠牲は往々にして社会で称賛されるものだが、一歩間違えると、このような悲劇をうむこともある。
統一教会の信者もいま、日本のマスメディアというサタンに攻撃される「試練」を受けているがいまこそ統一教会の目指す正義のために自己犠牲を！と思っている信者もいるに違いない。
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Essentially, this theory claimed that Adam and Eve sold humanity over to the Devil at the time of the Fall; hence, it required that God pay the Devil a ransom to free us from the Devil's clutches
A distinction has to be made between substitutionary atonement (Christ suffers for us), and penal substitution (Christ punished instead of us), which is a subset or particular type of substitutionary atonement
.
The governmental view is very similar to the satisfaction view and the penal substitution view, in that all three views see Christ as satisfying God's requirement for the punishment of sin. However, the governmental view disagrees with the other two in that it does not affirm that Christ endured the precise punishment that sin deserves or paid its sacrificial equivalent. Instead, Christ's suffering was simply an alternative to that punishment[3]In contrast, penal substitution holds that Christ endured the exact punishment, or the exact "worth" of punishment, that sin deserved; the satisfaction theory states that Christ made the satisfaction owed by humans to God due to sin through the merit of His propitiatory sacrifice. These three views all acknowledge that God cannot freely forgive sins without any sort of punishment or satisfaction being exacted.[27] By contrast, the Christus Victor view, states that Christ died not to fulfill God's requirements or to meet His needs or demands, but to cleanse humanity, restore the Image of God in humankind, and defeat the power of death over humans from within
Some other atonement theories are the ransom theory, which says that Christ's death represents the cosmic defeat of the devil to whom a ransom had to be paid, e.g. Christ Victor theory, the rescue of humanity from the power of sin and death, a view popularized by Gustaf Aulén; and exemplary theory, associated with Peter Abelard and Hastings Rashdall, which argues that the cross had its effect on human beings, by setting forth a supreme example of godliness which we must follow.
Christus Victor From Wikipedia,
SCAPEGOAT: HOW CIVILISATION HARMS AND HOW THE CROSS HEALS
A: Has to be hidden for it to work. You have to believe that the one you are casting out is actually responsible for the trouble you are in. Because that is the only way it will bring peace. It’s only if you have got the right bastard that you can say: “Yeah, we got the right bastard, now we can have an all-together victory celebration and we can tell it was the right one because we are altogether at peace.” Rather than the fact that they have come together in unanimity, killing someone has been what in fact established the peace. You attribute, magically the effect to the killed one as having brought about the peace.But anyhow, the moment you have, what we have in the gospels, which is an account of a lynch death – a carefully controlled lynch death – being explained as you go through it by the person who is going to be lynched so that the mechanism becomes blindingly clear; and it has been shown that it is not the last word; well it completely undoes the whole system. It’s saying: “This is what you are doing.” It is, how do you say, complete vanity. The truth is shown in that this one (Jesus) is actually wanting to give to you, wanting you to start to learn, to be humans together in a completely different way.Q: So for those who have grown up in the evangelical background, the cross was a place where a kind of spiritual transaction took place. So we see sin and death were absorbed, God’s wrath was averted, forgiveness was given, the devil was defeated. Are none of those things compatible with what you’re proposing?A: Yes, they are all compatible with it because they are all true.Q: So for those who have grown up in the evangelical background, the cross was a place where a kind of spiritual transaction took place. So we see sin and death were absorbed, God’s wrath was averted, forgiveness was given, the devil was defeated. Are none of those things compatible with what you’re proposing?A: Yes, they are all compatible with it because they are all true.Yes, there is a group that needs wrath assuaging – it’s us. We are the people who tend to maintain our peace by casting the “someone” out and that very shortly after doing that we have to do it again because our wrath – the threat of rivalry – keeps going. That what we have in the crucifixion is God saying: “Actually, I will come into the midst of your game. I will enter that place of shame, of agony. The place where you cast out other people. The place which the accuser has set up – the accuser being the whisperer behind the lynch. And I will undo his power by showing that actually, it is the innocent one that you have killed.”A: Well again, I think St Paul explains this beautifully. He talks about how God has made this manifest through Jesus Christ. So that those who believe in this are justified. The moment that you understand that the cast-out-one, the one who is rejected, damned, in the place of shame – rather than being an object of contempt and all that – is in fact what God’s goodness looks like.
Christians are those who ought to know better than to identify and project blame on ever newscapegoats. Christians are those people on earth who, for Jesus’ sake, arecalled to announce a prophetic “No!” against every situation where tension235 Jesus Christ as the Final Scapegoatand anxiety are spiraling out of control, before they lead to the execution andelimination of new scapegoats.Tis understanding of the cross summons the church of Jesus Christto a profound vocation in a world of violence. Because Jesus Christ died to be the final scapegoat, Christians are called to resist the phenomenon of scapegoating violence in all its guises.
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