2021年2月1日月曜日

リバタリアン、リベラル、ネオリベ

 

 「主体としての個人の意志的自由を市場原理の下で無化する」という意味がよくわからないが、いずれにせよ、ここらへんは論者によって言葉の用法が違うので注意を要するところ。


 What's the Difference Between Liberalism and "Neoliberalism"?

 The Anti-Neoliberalism Movement Is Just an Anti-Capitalist Movement

ナオミクラインなんかは反ネオリベと反資本主義と同じような意味で使っている、と。

たしかに、こういう意味で使っている人はいるわけだ。

で、がっちり正しい用法が決まっているわけではないが、なんとなくでも、リバタリアンとリベラル、そしてネオリベというのは区別する必要があろう。

Libertarianism

First published Thu Sep 5, 2002; substantive revision Mon Jan 28, 2019

Libertarianism is a family of views in political philosophy. Libertarians strongly value individual freedom and see this as justifying strong protections for individual freedom.

リバタリアンというのは個人の自由を最大限重視して、政府からの介入、強制は排除すべき、とするイデオロギーなわけだね・・・・大雑把に言うと、。 

 The Difference Between Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism


Classical Liberalism was a strong counter to previous political movements that placed authority in the hands of churches, monarchs, or governments. Its central theme was the freedom of individuals rather than central authorities

Social Liberalism focused on having the government still manage much of the economy, but with more social freedoms.

Conservatism focused on the government still upholding traditional social norms, but allowing economic freedoms—especially regarding the use of free markets.

Libertarianism is a strong form of Classical Liberalism that argues that individuals should be left alone—without much influence from central government, and that personal responsibility is the most powerful ingredient of success.

Pure Libertarians believe the government should stay out of both social and economic issues, meaning they tend to offend both Social Liberals and Conservatives, for opposite reasons.

The difference between Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism is that Classical Libertarianism was a backlash against theocratic monarchies and oppressive governments, whereas modern Libertarianism is more of a response to a bloated and overreaching government and welfare state.

 この点古典的リベラルも個人の自由を尊重するが、それは、教会や神権的君主制に対抗して出てきたものであるのに対して、現代のリバタリアンは巨大化しておせっかいな政府、福祉国家に対抗しているわけだね。

 もっとも、社会的リベラルとも言うべきリベラルは、政府が経済を統制すべきと考えている、と。


What is the difference between liberalism and libertarianism?

ウィキペディアなんかによると、リベラルは自由と平等を強調し、リバタリアンも自由を強調するが、政府の介入を排除すべきだと、考えている、と。

Having said that, if you want to try for some generalizations, you may say that in USA, liberals are more for bigger government with more powers (tax, regulatory, social rules) and libertarians are for smaller governments with less powers (tax, regulatory, social rules).

リベラルは大きな政府、リバタリアンは小さな政府

じゃあ、ネオリベとはなにか、というと、 

What Is Neoliberalism?

Neoliberalism is a policy model that encompasses both politics and economics and seeks to transfer the control of economic factors from the public sector to the private sector. Many neoliberalism policies enhance the workings of free market capitalism and attempt to place limits on government spending, government regulation, and public ownership.

 警察、国立や公立の学校、貧しい人のための医療など、政府が所有または運営をする経済活動の分野、つまり、公共セクタを民営化し、自由市場資本主義を促進、政府の支出削減、政府による規制、公有の廃止を目指す政策モデルだ、と。

 ここらへんは論者によっていろいろ違いはあるわけだけど、

What is the difference between neoliberalism and libertarianism?

in general, the idea that brings libertarians together is the idea that the government should not plan the economy and what government there is should be as decentralised as possible.


Neo-liberalism is actually the opposite of this argument. On the one had it espouses the idea of individual liberty=liberty of capital but it's reality involves state and international organisations, principally the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, commanding their own economies and those of developing countries in order to decrease environmental and labour regulation in a "race to the bottom" to minimise the labour costs of businesses in favour of cheaper production of goods.

One of these methods is to lend money to developing countries with the proviso that these countries deregulate their economies.


This is happening in the UK and USA with the introduction of private prisons and immigration detention centres. Also, the so-called "Foundation" hospitals, "Free" schools and "City Academies" in the UK. These are run by private companies and individuals but receive government funding.

If anything, these programmes represent an increase in centralism and a decrease in local accountability. UK Academies receive their money from central government but are not accountable to local authorities like the existing state comprehensives are.

 この見方は面白くて、 リバタリアンは政府の介入は最小限にして中央集権的な権力をなくしていこうとするのにたいしてネオリベはむしろその逆だ、と。

 ネオリベは、国際的には、世界銀行やIMFが安い賃金で安い商品を生産するために、発展途上国の環境や労働を規制する法律を強制的に排除するんだ、と。---ある意味、巨大な経済機構が経済を統制するわけですね。国内的には、刑務所や移民収容所やフリースクールなどの民営化された組織があるが、これらはなんやかや言って政府によって資金が賄われているわけですね。だから、民営化とか言っているけど、現実には中央集権化の強化されている、と。そのわりには、地元当局には説明責任を負っていない、と。

ーーーリバタリアンは中央集権的な権力とその強制を毛嫌いするわけだけど、ネオリベは、それをつかって民営化、規制撤廃を推進しようとするわけだね、この人の見方によると。

 で、ここらへんが、上記堀氏の意見とつながってくるのかもね。

 

 



 

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