Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

話題のネットフリックス・ドキュメンタリー『13th』観たぞ。内容の多く、特に刑務所産業複合体については既知の部分が多かったけど、歴史背景と合わせて見せられると圧巻だった。割と必見作じゃないかな、特に今、BLMについて語りたいなら。

— Dr. RawheaD@🏠 (@RawheaD) June 13, 2020

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.[1]


第1節　奴隷制もしくは自発的でない隷属は、アメリカ合衆国内およびその法が及ぶ如何なる場所でも、存在してはならない。ただし犯罪者であって関連する者が正当と認めた場合の罰とするときを除く。
第2節　議会はこの修正条項を適切な法律によって実行させる権限を有する

---ながら視聴中

[_]: Kalief was charged with a crime, a really petty crime, that, it turns out he didn’t commit.

ALEXANDER: There are thousands of people in jail right this moment, that are sitting there for no other reason than they’re too poor to get out.

STEVENSON: We have a criminal justice system that treats you better if you’re rich and guilty than if you’re poor and innocent. Wealth, not culpability shapes outcomes.

BOOKER: And I think what most Americans think of, because they watched so many court room dramas, they think that the criminal justice system is about judges and juries. Well, that’s really stopped being the case.

[_]: The system simply cannot exist if everyone insisted to go to trial.

STEVENSON: If everyone insisted on going to trial, the whole system would shut down.

[_]: What typically happens is the prosecutor says, “You know, you can make a deal, and we’ll give you three years, or you can go to trial, and we’ll get you 30. You want to take that chance? Feel free.”

[_]: Nobody in the hood goes to trial.

RENGEL: 97% of those people who are locked up have plea bargained. And that is one of the worst violations of human rights that you can imagine in the United States.

BOOKER: You have in this country people pleading guilty to crimes they didn’t commit just because the thought of going to jail for what the mandatory minimums are is so excruciating…

STEVENSON: What you’re not taught, is that if you exercise that right to a trial, and you are convicted we will punish you more…

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LIFETIME LIKELIHOOD OF IMPRISONMENT
White Men
1 in 17
Black Men
1 in 3
Black Men
6.5% of U.S. POPULATION
40.2% of PRISON POPULATION
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ALEXANDER: Throughout American history, African Americans have repeatedly been controlled through systems of racial and social control that appear to die, but then are reborn in new form tailored to the needs and constraints of the time. After the collapse of slavery, a new system was born, “convict leasing,” which was a new form of slavery. And once convict leasing faded a way, a new system was born, a Jim Crow system, that relegated African Americans to a permanent second class status. And here we are, decades after the collapse of the old Jim Crow, and a new system has been born again in America, a system of mass incarceration, that once again strips millions of poor people, overwhelmingly poor people of color, of the very right supposedly won in the civil rights movement.
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MELINA ABDULLAH: Ferguson was not simply about Mike Brown. It was also this pattern of mass criminalization and mass incarceration. There was an average of three warrants per household in Ferguson. And so people rose up, because they understood that they were also enemies of the state, seen as enemies of the state. The communities in which black people live were really have become occupied territories, and black people have become seen as enemy combatants who don’t have any rights and can be stopped and frisked and arrested and detained and questioned and killed with impunity


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GANNON: It would be a mistake to say, as many people do in the current context, that “oh, if you’re against the police, then you’re against law and order. These are hard working civil servants putting their lives on the line for you every day. And, you know, that’s true. People who join the police do so to do these sorts of things. But, if you dismiss black complaints of mistreatment by police as being completely rooted in our modern context, then you’re missing the point completely. There has never been a period in our history where the law and order branch of the state has not operated against the freedoms, the liberties, the options, the choices that have been available for the black community, generally speaking. And to ignore that racial heritage, to ignore that historical context means that you can’t have an informed debate about the current state of blacks and police relationships today. ‘Cause this didn’t just appear out of nothing. This is the product of a centuries long historical process. And to not reckon with that is to shut off solutions.