2022年9月30日金曜日

Sky burial


 buvery Retweeted

逆に、併合すればもっと「大胆の行動」に出ることができる、ともいえるわけですね・・・・


あらら、4州併合へ 墓 歴史でググると・・・日本では、儒教の影響に言及しているのはないようだね。


墓・墓石の歴史とその変容　ｐｄｆ
古代の文献に見られる墓についての規定は古く、いわゆる「薄葬令」とも呼ばれる、『日本書紀』の大化2（646）年3月22日条には、庶民の墓について大地を掘って棺を土で覆うのみと記されている。しかし、実際には一般庶民の多くは、死体を道傍などに遺棄する遺棄葬・風葬をしており、遺体の処理にはあまり関心が払われていなかった。
遺棄葬というのもあったわけだね。

 Burial

Definition

Joshua J. Markby Joshua J. Mark

published on 02 September 2009

これは面白い記事。


Burial of the dead is the act of placing the corpse of a dead person in a tomb constructed for that purpose or in a grave dug into the earth. In cultures such as Mesopotamia, tombs and graves were cut into the ground in the expectation that the soul of the individual so buried would more easily reach the afterlife which was thought to exist underground. 


Throughout Mesopotamia, those who were not royalty were buried below the family home or next to it so that the grave could be regularly maintained. If a person was not buried properly they could return as a ghost to haunt the living. This haunting could take the form familiar from popular ghost stories or films where a disembodied spirit causes problems in the home or, more seriously, as a form of possession in which the spirit entered into the individual through the ear and wreaked havoc on one's personal life and health.


Cremation was uncommon throughout Mesopotamia owing to the scarcity of wood but, even if fuel for a fire had been available, the Mesopotamians believed that the proper place for the souls of the dead was in the netherworld of the goddess Ereshkigal and not in the realm of the gods. If one were cremated, it was thought, one's soul ascended skyward toward the home of the gods and, as a human soul, would not be at home there.

ちゃんと弔わないと幽霊になって出没すると思われていたわけだね。そして墓は死者が死後の世界へ行きやすいような設備　（生前と似たような生活ができるように（？）・・・・）

 

The Egyptian tradition among royalty of creating great monuments and tombs inscribed with their deeds was observed to make sure the ruler would not be forgotten by the living and so would continue to exist on earth even after death. To erase one's memory on earth was to erase one's immortality

　生きている側が死者のことを忘れてしまうと、魂が不滅じゃなくなっちゃうわけだーーーこれは面白いーーー生きているときだって、個人の個＝自己なんてものは他者の認識のなかにあるに過ぎない、とも言えるしね。廣松渉が、（「哲学の越境」）ルイジ・ピランデルロの「御意のままに」を引用して指摘していた論点でもある。

If one were cremated, it was thought, one's soul ascended skyward toward the home of the gods and, as a human soul, would not be at home there.

メソポタミアでは、黄泉の世界が地底にあると考えられており、火葬にすると神々の領域の空に舞い上がるので避けて土葬にしたのだ、と。

In ancient India, as throughout India's history, cremation was the usual practice in caring for the dead...

Even so, that was not the only means by which the dead were sent on to the next realm. It is also recorded that the elderly would often choose to have themselves rowed out into the middle of the Ganges River where they would then fling themselves into the sacred water and be swept away. Most people, though, were cremated and their ashes then strewn in the waters of the Ganges, thought to be the source of all life...

Depending on one's actions, beliefs, and behavior in life, the soul then rose to join with the Oversoul (the Atman) or descended back to the earthly plane in another incarnation.

　インドではブッタの時代から火葬が主流で、その灰はすべての生命の源であるガンジス河に流すわけだね。それから輪廻転生するか、アートマンに合体するわけだ。

The Buddha’s relics The Buddha had instructed his followers to cremate his body as the body of a universal monarch would be cremated and then to distribute the relics among various groups of his lay followers, who were to enshrine them in hemispherical reliquaries called stupas. His body lay in a coffin for seven days before being placed on a funeral pyre and was set ablaze by the Buddha’s chief disciple, Mahakashyapa, who had been absent at the time of the Buddha’s death. After the Buddha’s cremation, his relics were entrusted to a group of lay disciples, but armed men arrived from seven other regions and demanded the relics. In order to avert bloodshed, a monk divided the relics into eight portions. 

ブッタの場合にもやはり火葬で仏舎利は仏塔に分配されたわけだ。



 The majority of Tibetan people and many Mongols adhere to Vajrayana Buddhism, which teaches the transmigration of spirits. There is no need to preserve the body, as it is now an empty vessel. Birds may eat it or nature may cause it to decompose. The function of the sky burial is simply to dispose of the remains in as generous a way as possible (the origin of the practice's Tibetan name). In much of Tibet and Qinghai, the ground is too hard and rocky to dig a grave, and due to the scarcity of fuel and timber, sky burials were typically more practical than the traditional Buddhist practice of cremation.


　鳥葬というのはSky burial というわけだね。中国語では天葬 というそうだから、そっちのほうが英語に近い。

　肉体は魂の抜け殻に過ぎないし、チベットでは地面が硬いし、火葬する燃料も大変なので鳥にご馳走してあげるわけだね。


 

 いい話だね。
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